Nature医学:干细胞治疗获得新突破

    包括肺气肿、支气管炎、哮喘和囊性纤维化等在内的呼吸道疾病是全世界第二大致死因素,仅在美国就有三千五百万人受到慢性呼吸道疾病的困扰。而修复肺部功能损伤一直是医疗上的一大难题。
 

    Weizmann研究所的科学家们用胚胎干细胞成功修复了小鼠受损的肺部组织,这一策略有望成为治疗人类患者的新途径。这一成果发表在七月十四日的Nature Medicine杂志上。
 

    我们知道干细胞能够分化成为机体内任何类型的细胞,可用于补充和更新在疾病中受损的细胞,因此用干细胞治疗被许多人视为下一次医疗革命。人体器官的干细胞并非分散在组织中,而是集中在特殊的“巢穴”里,干细胞巢含有干细胞所需的所有给养。肺部的正常干细胞与骨髓干细胞高度相似,“这说明我们可以像骨髓移植那样修复肺部组织,”Weizmann研究所的Yair Reisner教授说。
 

    骨髓移植主要依赖两点:干细胞有能力通过血液到达正确的干细胞巢,可以认为清理干细胞巢为移植细胞腾出空间。Reisner等人认为,这一策略同样适用于肺部修复。不过,他们首先需要找到足够移植的肺干细胞,因为这样的细胞非常少。
 

    研究人员发现,胚胎发育20–22周是收获胚胎肺细胞的最佳时机,在此之前细胞还没有分化好,在此之后细胞的再生能力比较减弱。随后他们想办法清空肺部的干细胞巢,将新的肺干细胞注入肺部受损的小鼠体内。
 

    研究显示,胚胎肺干细胞能够通过血液到达肺部,成功进入正确的干细胞巢。这些细胞在六周内分化成了正常的肺部组织,使小鼠的肺部损伤得到恢复,呼吸情况显著改善。
 

    下一步,Reisner打算确定正确的药物剂量,以防止机体排斥移植的细胞。“我们希望建立一个细胞库,帮助人们修复严重呼吸道疾病所造成的损失,”Reisner说。
 

推荐原文:Preconditioning allows engraftment of mouse and human embryonic lung cells, enabling lung repair in mice
 

Repair of injured lungs represents a longstanding therapeutic challenge. We show that human and mouse embryonic lung tissue from the canalicular stage of development (20–22 weeks of gestation for humans, and embryonic day 15–16 (E15–E16) for mouse) are enriched with progenitors residing in distinct niches. On the basis of the marked analogy to progenitor niches in bone marrow (BM), we attempted strategies similar to BM transplantation, employing sublethal radiation to vacate lung progenitor niches and to reduce stem cell competition. Intravenous infusion of a single cell suspension of canalicular lung tissue from GFP-marked mice or human fetal donors into naphthalene-injured and irradiated syngeneic or SCID mice, respectively, induced marked long-term lung chimerism. Donor type structures or 'patches' contained epithelial, mesenchymal and endothelial cells. Transplantation of differentially labeled E16 mouse lung cells indicated that these patches were probably of clonal origin from the donor. Recipients of the single cell suspension transplant exhibited marked improvement in lung compliance and tissue damping reflecting the energy dissipation in the lung tissues. Our study provides proof of concept for lung reconstitution by canalicular-stage human lung cells after preconditioning of the pulmonary niche.

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